Apparatus and method for ballast water treatment

ABSTRACT

An apparatus and method for treating ballast water to achieve IMO standards for ballast water includes a reactor fabricated of copper nickel for receiving and discharging ballast water, a UV source for irradiating the water in the presence of copper nickel thereby to generate free radicals for biocidal and bactericidal effects on organisms and microbes entering the reactor with ballast water.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to ballast water treatment by removal of solidparticles and organisms by means filtration, and by application ofbiocidal and bactericidal effects to achieve standards established inthe International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships'Ballast Water and Sediments, 2004 and being carried out by theInternational Maritime Organization for merchant vessels (The IMOConvention).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The Convention establishes standards and regulations for discharge ofballast water and sediments from ships so as to control the discharge ofharmful aquatic organisms and pathogens causing injury to theenvironment, human health, property and resources. The Conventionspecifically takes note of the objectives of the 1992 Convention onBiological Diversity as to the conservation and sustainable use ofbiological diversity and marine coastal ecosystems, and to the threatposed by alien species to these ecosystems, as well as to habitats andspecies.

The Convention standards for ballast water treatment includingRegulation D-2 Ballast Water Performance Standard are:

-   -   1 Ships conducting Ballast Water Management in accordance with        this regulation shall discharge less than 10 viable organisms        per cubic metre greater than or equal to 50 micrometres in        minimum dimension and less than 10 viable organisms per        milliliter less than 50 micrometres in minimum dimension and        greater than or equal to 10 micrometres in minimum dimension;        and discharge of the indicator microbes shall not exceed the        specified concentrations described in para2graph 2.    -   2 Indicator microbes, as a human health standard, shall include:    -   .1 Toxicogenic Vibrio cholerae (O1 and O139) with less than 1        colony forming unit (cfu) per 100 milliliters or less than 1 cfu        per 1 gram (wet weight) zooplankton samples;    -   .2 Escherichia coli less than 250 cfu per 100 milliliters;    -   .3 Intestinal Enterococci less than 100 cfu per 100 milliliters.

Viable organisms of Reg. D-2(1) greater than or equal to 50 micrometresin minimum dimension are removed from ballast water to a level of lessthan 10 viable organisms per cubic meter by means of commerciallyavailable filtration devices equipped with 40 micron filtering screens.

Ballast water discharged from a commercially available 40 micron filterdevice requires further treatment for (i) the removal of organisms lessthan 50 micrometres in minimum dimension and greater than or equal to 10micrometres in minimum dimension to a level of less than 10 viableorganisms per millilitre, and (ii) removal of indicator microbes to thelevels recited in Reg. D-2(2) above.

In the art of purifying water, ultraviolet light is well known as havinga biocidal and bactericidal effect on organisms and microbes and isoften used with ozone, photo-catalysts, and other substances to achievea desired effect on organisms.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,322,569 to Titus prevents biofouling of underwaterobjects by ultraviolet irradiation. Marine biofouling is avoided byirradiation of specific surfaces of under water objects with ultravioletlight to prevent attachment of organisms to those surfaces, to stun theorganisms prior to removal, or to exterminate organisms at specificsurfaces or over a defined volume. Titus employs ultraviolet lighthaving a wavelength of 250.+−.10 nanometers and providing a minimumirradiation intensity of 20.mu.watt/cm.sup.2 at a distance of at leasttwo feet. Conventional ultraviolet light sources such as mercury,mercury/xenon, and xenon lamps have been found to provide satisfactoryultraviolet power output.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,358,478 to Söremark is directed to the treatment offluids and generates ozone for its oxidizing effect. UV radiation at afrequency of 180 nm is known to generate ozone which by exposure to theradiation is broken down to obtain free radicals. A combination ofozone, oxygen, hydroperoxide and UV radiation provides quick andefficient generation of free radicals. Microorganisms are inactivatedwith the aid of ozone and radicals as an oxidation reaction. Themembrane of the organism is first attacked by radicals, and thereafterradicals destroy nuclear material inside the cell/virus/spore.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,092,653 to Carmignani is directed to purification anddisinfection of fluids using semiconductor photocatalysts notablytitanium dioxide and ultraviolet radiation in a device where fluid to bepurified has intimate contact with semiconductor surfaces whilespreading activating UV light over as large a surface area as ispractical.

U.S. Pat. No. 7,081,636 to Morazzi discloses that it is known to useultraviolet (UV) radiation in sterilisation systems for use in thepurification of water and the sanitisation of a variety of items. The UVradiation and any ozone produced by the UV radiation with oxygen in theair acts to kill bacteria and germs. It is also known to use ultraviolet(UV) radiation for a variety of other uses including those involving thepromotion of photochemical reactions and of molecular dissociation. Oneproblem such systems is that it is difficult to efficiently providesufficient excitation energy to the UV source and difficult toeffectively transfer that energy to the substance or entity to betreated. It is therefore difficult to arrange systems for high energy,high throughput industrial purposes. Accordingly, Morazzi provides anultraviolet light source comprising an ultraviolet bulb; a pulsedmicrowave energy source for exciting said ultraviolet bulb; and anoptically transparent waveguide for guiding pulsed microwave energyoriginating from said pulsed microwave energy source to the ultravioletbulb. The waveguide wholly surrounds the ultraviolet bulb. In oneaspect, the dominant wavelength of the ultraviolet light source is from240 nm to 310 nm, particularly 254 nm. Such wavelengths have been foundto be particularly useful for sterilisation, purification orsanitisation applications.

So, while UV irradiation is known for killing organisms, it isnonetheless necessary to utilize UV radiation in a specific system inorder to achieve desired purification effects in fluids.

Applicants in this invention provide a method and apparatus usingultraviolet radiation with specific reference to reducing organisms andmicrobes in treatment of ships ballast water.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention is directed to an apparatus and method for ballast watertreatment in applying a biocidal and bactericidal effect usingultraviolet light on organisms and microbes remaining in ballast waterafter filtration of larger organisms such that the treatment achievesthe standards of Regulation D-2.

This invention provides an enclosed reactor for receiving ballast waterand for applying radiation to biota and bacteria carried in the ballastwater. A medium pressure UV source extending through the reactorirradiates ballast water flow with a dwell time of less than one secondin the reactor. Ballast water flow through a single reactor is about 165m³/hr and a plurality of reactors arranged for parallel flow can achievea total flow sufficient for full ballast water capacity of merchantships or any other seagoing or coastwise vessel.

A reactor according to the invention comprises a generally cylindricalshell defining a reaction chamber enclosed at both ends with end caps. Aquartz tube encasing an ultraviolet lamp and supported at opposite endsat the end caps extends along the central axis of the reactor shell foremitting UV radiation within the shell chamber. The reactor is furtherfitted with ballast water inlet and outlet pipes preferably providingtangential entry and exit of ballast water at opposite ends of theshell, and preferably on opposite sides of the shell. In a significantaspect of the invention, applicants have discovered that unexpected,consistent, and repeatable biocide and bactericidal effects are achievedin fabricating the reactor shell of copper nickel alloy.

Applicants believe that a copper nickel reactor shell in cooperationwith an ultraviolet source generates free radicals in the ballast waterbeing treated so as to have a significant biocidal and bactericidaleffect on organisms and microbes. Equivalent reactor tests using astainless steel shell repeatedly failed both to achieve the effectsattained with a copper nickel shell, and to meet the standards of RegD-2.

It is an objective of the invention to provide a method and apparatusfor ballast water treatment achieving IMO Convention standards set byReg. D-2.

It is an objective of the invention to provide a method and apparatusfor applying biocidal and bactericidal effects on ballast waterutilizing ultraviolet light in a reactor shell fabricated of coppernickel.

It is an object of the invention to provide a reactor for shipboardballast water treatment having a capacity of 165 m³ per hour perreactor, and to provide installation of multiple reactors for treatingfull ballast water capacity of any marine vessel.

Other objectives, advantages and preferred features of the inventionwill become apparent with an understanding of the following detaileddescription of preferred embodiments the invention or upon employment ofthe invention in practice.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

A preferred embodiment of the invention has been chosen for detaileddescription to enable those having ordinary skill in the art to whichthe invention appertains to readily understand how to practice theinvention and is shown in the accompanying drawing in which:

FIG. 1 is a side elevation schematic view of a reactor apparatus of theinvention.

FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the apparatus of FIG. 1 as part of amanifold for using plural reactors in parallel to accommodate fullvolume of ballast water being treated.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

Referring to the drawing, the apparatus 10 according to the inventioncomprises a reactor 12 in the preferred form of a cylindrical shell 12 afitted with end caps 12 b-c to define a reaction chamber 12 d forreceiving and treating ballast water. Inlet and outlet connection pipes14 a-b are fitted 90° to the reactor body at opposite ends, andpreferably on opposite sides of the shell, for tangential ballast waterflow into and out of the reactor. The working pressure of the reactor isfrom 10 to 15 bars with a pressure drop through the reactor of less than60 mbar. Shipboard pressure of ballast water flowing through the reactoris about 2 bars. The reactor is designed for horizontal installation andhas a diameter of 150 mm to 300 mm, and a length of about 1700 mm (1.7meter) inclusive of fittings supported by the end caps.

A medium pressure ultraviolet lamp 16 is fitted into a quartz tube 18and extends along the central axis of the reactor from end fitting 20 ato end fitting 20 b for emitting ultraviolet radiation for biocidal andbactericidal effects on organisms and microbes entrained in ballastwater treated by the reactor. The lamp is rated at 35 kW, emits uvradiation at 254 nm at 22% efficiency, i.e., producing 22 kW of uvradiation per 100 kW power input. Normal power input for the UV lamp is35 kw.

The quartz tube 18 is optically transparent, extends along the centralaxis of the reactor from end fitting to end fitting, takes a testpressure of 15 bars, and withstands shaking and vibration of the vessel.The UV lamp does not produce ozone, other oxidants or chemicals.

Test water specified by IMO for certification tests of ballast watertreatment equipment has typically a UV transmission of 40% at T1 (i.e.,1 cm), or absorbance of 0.4 Abs/cm. Ballast water treatment apparatus ofthe present invention subjected to IMO certification tests using thisvery low quality test water had the desired biocidal and bactericidaleffects.

Power input required per reactor is 400v, 3 ph, 38 kW at 80 A and isprovided to the uv lamp from a power panel and control panel (notshown), through a lamp cable 19 via junction boxes 21 a-b mounted on endcap flanges. The power panel converts the inlet power to the powerrequired by the UV lamp and maintains a balanced burning of the lamp toprovide the maximum UVC output. It is to be understood that power inputvoltage is determined by each ship service electric system, typically400v, and that the present invention may be used with ship serviceelectric systems having voltage ratings of 380v to 440 v.

In a significant aspect of the invention, applicants have determinedthat unexpected, consistent, and repeatable biocide and bactericidaleffects are achieved in fabricating the reactor shell 12 of coppernickel alloy, specifically copper nickel 90/10 alloy. Performance testscarried out using a given uv lamp in a 200 mm diameter reactor shellfabricated of stainless steel failed to meet the standards set by RegD-2. Performance tests carried out using the given uv lamp in a 300 mmdiameter reactor shell fabricated of 90/10 copper nickel, providedsuperior biocidal and bactericidal effects than those attained with the200 mm stainless steel shell. Performance tests using the same lamp witha 150 mm diameter 90/10 copper nickel shell yielded test results meetingthe Reg D-2 standards both as to organisms and microbes.

As noted above, the uv source does not produce ozone. So, applicantsbelieve that a copper nickel reactor shell acts as a catalyst incooperation with an ultraviolet source to generate free radicals (and/orcopper ions) in the ballast water being treated so as to have asignificant biocidal and bactericidal effect on organisms and microbes.It is known that a significant portion of the toxicity of copper comesfrom its ability to accept and donate single electrons as it changesoxidation state. This ability catalyses the production of very reactiveradical ions such as hydroxyl radical. Swiss K W Nägeli in 1893discovered the toxic effect of metal ions on living cells, algae, molds,spores, fungi, virus and microorganisms even in low concentrations. Thisanti-microboial effect is shown by ions of mercury, silver, copper,iron, lead, zinc, bismuth, gold, aluminum and other metals. Applicantsbelieve that hydroxyl radicals are created by uv radiation in thepresence of copper nickel, are very short-lived, and are very hostile toorganisms and microbes present in ballast water.

Tests according to IMO specifications were carried out for a reactoraccording to the present invention fabricated of a copper nickel shellwith a uv lamp emitting radiation at 254 nm. Test influent water hadmoderate salinity, and was stocked with a >50 μm group of harvestedorganisms and cultured species, a 10-50 μm group of organisms and withheterotropic bacteria all in the quantities of table 1, below.

TABLE 1 In treated water after In control after Organism group Influentwater 5 days storage 5 days storage 50 μm min. Pref. 10⁶ m⁻³, 10⁵ m⁻³<10 viable organisms >10x <10 viable dimension Min. 5 species from 3diff. per m³ organisms per m³ phyla/divisions 10-50 μm min. 10⁴ ml⁻¹,10³ ml⁻¹ <10 viable organisms >10x <10 viable dimension Min. 5 speciesfrom 3 diff. per m³ organisms per m³ phyla/divisions Heterotrophic 10⁴ml⁻¹ — — bacteria Vibrio sp./ —  <1 cfu/100 ml 10x <1 cfu/100 ml Vibriocholerae (O1- O159) * Escherichia coli — <250 cfu/100 ml 10x <250cfu/100 ml Intestinal — <100 cfu/100 ml 10x <100 cfu/100 ml Enterococci

Influent water to meet IMO specification has between 10⁵ and 10⁶ viableorganisms >50 μm in minimum dimension to be reduced to <10 viableorganisms per m³ after being subjected to ballast water treatmentincluding filtration, and to remain at the reduced level in storage fivedays later. As noted above, these organisms are removed in large measureby means of a 40 μm filter screen apparatus. Organisms in this groupsize that nonetheless pass through a 40 μm filter screen are to bereduced to <10 viable organisms per m³ as indicated.

Influent water to meet IMO specification has between 10³ and 10⁴ viableorganisms 10-50 μm in minimum dimension per microliter to be reduced to<10 viable organisms per m³ after being subjected to ballast watertreatment, and to remain at the reduced level in storage five dayslater.

Heterotrophic bacteria for IMO specification has 10⁴ microliter to bereduced to <1 colony forming unit/100 milliter and to remain at thereduced level in storage five days later.

Table 2 sets forth the initial content of organisms within the definedtest organism groups in the influent test water introduced into thereactor according to the invention for ballast water treatment.

TABLE 2 Test organism Method Influent Requirement Organisms Microscopecounts 4.2 ± 0.7 × 10⁴ m³ 10⁵ m⁻³ ≧50 μm Phyla 5 3 different Species 6 5different Organisms Dilution method 5000 1000 ml⁻¹ 10-50 μm 95% conf.Interval 2000-20000 Microscope counts 1781 ± 196 Plate counts 1066 Phyla3 3 different Species 8 5 different Hetero. bact. Bacterial counts 6.6 ±2.1 × 10⁵ ml⁻¹ 10⁴ ml⁻¹ Coliform bacteria Bacterial counts >8 ± − ×10²/100 ml — Vibrio sp. Bacterial counts 1.6 ± 1.2 × 10³/100 ml — Vibriocholerae Bacterial counts, elimination method — — Enterococcus groupBacterial counts >8 ± − × 10³/100 ml —

Table 3 indicates that, for viable organisms 50 μm in minimum diameterin treated test water and control water immediately after treatment andafter five days of storage, the required level of Reg D-2 was fulfilled

TABLE 3 Treated water Control water Day 0 Day 5 Day 0 Day 5 Organisms≧50 μm in minimum diameter (individuals/m³) Requirement — <10 — >100Test 1 0 ± 0 8.4 ± 0.8 × 10⁴ 7.4 ± 2.8 × 10⁴ Test 1 Pre 0 Test 1 Post 1± 1

Table 4 indicates that, for viable organisms ≧10-50 μm in minimumdimension in treated test water and control water immediately aftertreatment and after five days of storage, the required level of Reg D-2was fulfilled.

TABLE 4 Treated water Control water Day 0 Day 5 Day 0 Day 5 Organisms≧10-50 μm in minimum diameter (individuals/ml) Requirement — <10 — >100Dilution method 95% confidence interval Test 1 160 <0.2 3000 5000 60-530<0.1-1.0 Test 2  50 0.4 1000-13000 2000-20000 20-200  0.1-1.7

Table 5 shows culturable heterotrophic bacteria, coliform bacteria, E.coli, Vibrio sp., Enterococci and intestinal Enterococci in influentwater, treated test water and control water immediately after treatmentand after five days of storage for test cycles 1 and 2, and indicatesthat required levels were fulfilled.

TABLE 5 Treated water Control water Day 0 Day 5 Day 0 Day 5Heterotrophic bacteria (cfu/ml) Requirement — — — — Test 1 1.7 ± 0.7 ×10² 4.6 ± 0.7 × 10⁵ Test 1 Pre 8.3 ± 2.7 × 10⁵ 3.4 ± 1.5 × 10⁵ Test 1Post 1.4 ± 0.7 × 10⁴ 2.1 ± 0.8 × 10⁵ Test 2 6.7 ± 5.8 × 10² 4.6 ± 0.7 ×10⁵ Test 2 Pre 8.9 ± 1.2 × 10⁵ 3.4 ± 1.5 × 10⁵ Test 2 Post 1.1 ± 0.5 ×10³ 2.1 ± 0.8 × 10⁵ Coliform bacteria (Coli.) and Escherichia coli* (E.Coli) (cfu/100 ml) Coli. Coli. E. coli Coli. Coli. Requirement — —<250*  — — Test 1 0 ± 0 >8 ± − × 10² Test 1 Pre 0 ± 0 0 ± 0*  867 ± 58 Test 1 Post 30 ± 4  0 ± 0*  663 ± 140 Test 2 0 ± 0 >8 ± − × 10² Test 2Pre 0 ± 0 0 ± 0*  867 ± 58 Test 2 Post 1 ± 1 0 ± 0*   663 ± 140 Vibriosp. and Vibrio cholerae** (cfu/100 ml) Vibrio sp. Vibrio sp. V. coleraeVibrio sp. Vibrio sp. Requirement — — <1** — — Test 1 14 ± 2  1.4 ± 1.3× 10³ Test 1 Pre 4.2 ± 1.4 × 10³ 0 ± 0** 2.4 ± 0.1 × 10³ Test 1 Post 1.3± 0.3 × 10⁴ 0 ± 0** 2.4 ± 0.5 × 10³ Test 2 47 ± 5  1.4 ± 1.3 × 10³ Test2 Pre 3.7 ± 0.9 × 10³ 0 ± 0** 2.3 ± 0.4 × 10³ Test 2 Post 63 ± 45 0 ±0** 2.3 ± 0.5 × 10³ Enterococcus group (Ent. gr.) and IntestinalEnterococci*** (Int Enter.) (cfu/100 ml) Ent. gr. Ent. gr. Int Enter.Ent. gr. Ent. gr. Requirement — — <100*** — — Test 1 1 ± 1 >8 ± − × 10³Test 1 Pre 10 ± 3 10 ± 3* >8 ± − × 10³ Test 1 Post 127 ± 40  127 ±40*+  >8 ± − × 10³ Test 2 2 ± 2 >8 ± − × 10³ Test 2 Pre 4 ± 1 4 ± 1*  >8± − × 10³ Test 2 Post 133 ± 21  133 ± 21*+  >8 ± − × 10³

As shown in Table 5 for the results of Test 1 and Test 2:

-   -   (i) heterotropic bacteria in treated water is reduced to        1.4±0.7×10⁴ colony forming units per milliliter (cfu/ml) after        Test 1 and to 1.1±0.5×10³ cfu/ml after Test 2;    -   (ii) vibrio cholerae in treated water is reduced to 0 cfu/100 ml        after Test 1 and to 1.1±0.5×10³ cfu/ml after Tests 1 and 2        thereby fulfilling Reg D-2 requirement of less than 1 cfu/100        ml;    -   (iii) E. coli in treated water is reduced to 0 cfu/100 ml after        Tests 1 and 2 thereby fulfilling Reg D-2 requirement of less        than 250 cfu/100 ml; and    -   (iv) Coliform bacteria in treated water is reduced to 30±4        cfu/100 ml after Test 1 and to 1±1 cfu/100 ml after Test 2        thereby fulfilling Reg D-2 requirement of less than 100 cfu/100        ml.

In shipboard installations, as shown in FIG. 2, the reactor 10 accordingto the invention may be installed with multiple units 10 n operating inparallel between ballast water lines for influent 22 and discharge flow24. A single reactor treats about 165 m³/hour and plural reactors may beinstalled to treat the full ballast water capacity of a ship. It is tobe understood that the reactor may be fabricated of 90/10 copper nickel,70/30 copper nickel, as well as any other grade of commerciallyavailable copper nickel.

In accordance with the invention, a method for treating ballast watercomprises the following steps:

-   -   a. establishing an enclosed chamber for receiving and        discharging a continuing flow of ballast water containing        organisms and microbes;    -   b. exposing the flow of ballast water to copper nickel;    -   exposing the flow of ballast water to ultraviolet radiation at        254 nm to produce biocidal and bactericidal effects on organisms        and microbes in the ballast water to reduce: (i) organisms in        discharge water to less than 10 viable organisms per cubic meter        greater than or equal to 50 micrometers in minimum dimension and        less than 10 viable organisms per cubic meter less than 50        micrometers in minimum dimension and greater than 10 micrometers        in minimum dimension; and, (ii) indicator microbes so as not to        exceed:    -   .1 Toxicogenic Vibrio cholerae (O1 and O139) with less than 1        colony forming unit (cfu) per 100 milliliters or less than 1 cfu        per 1 gram (wet weight) zooplankton samples;    -   .2 Escherichia coli less than 250 cfu per 100 milliliters;    -   .3 Intestinal Enterococci less than 100 cfu per 100 milliliters.

Various changes may be made to the equipment arrangements embodying theprinciples of the invention. The foregoing embodiments are set forth inan illustrative and not in a limiting sense. The scope of the inventionis defined by the claims appended hereto.

We claim:
 1. An apparatus for ballast water treatment comprising areactor in the form of a hollow cylinder, the reactor having end capsclosing the cylinder to define a watertight reactor chamber having alongitudinal axis, the reactor having a test pressure of 15 bars; thereactor fabricated of copper-nickel alloy, the reactor having inflow anddischarge means for ballast water located at opposites ends of thereactor, the ballast water flowing through the reactor having a dwelltime of 0.4 seconds in the reactor, each end cap having an end fittingfor supporting an end of an ultraviolet lamp, a medium pressureultraviolet lamp extending through the reactor chamber to emitultraviolet C range radiation at 254 nanometers into the ballast water,an optically transparent quartz tube extending along said axis betweenthe end fittings and encasing the ultraviolet lamp, a power sourcecooperating with the end cap fittings for activating the lamp, the powersource providing power at 380 to 440 volts, 3 phase, 38 kilowatts and 80amperes, and the biocidal and bactericidal effect on organisms andmicrobes entering the reactor with ballast water being sufficient toreduce: (i) organisms in discharge water to less than 10 viableorganisms per cubic meter greater than or equal to 50 micrometers inminimum dimension and less than 10 viable organisms per cubic meter lessthan 50 micrometers in minimum dimension and greater than 10 micrometersin minimum dimension; and to reduce: (ii) indicator microbes: .1Toxicogenic Vibrio cholerae (01 and 0139) to less than 1 colony formingunit (cfu) per 100 milliliters or less than 1 cfu per 1 gram (wetweight) zooplankton samples; .2 Escherichia coli to less than 250 cfuper 100 milliliters; .3 Intestinal Enterococci to less than 100 cfu per100 milliliters.